GRAHAM, George, * 20.9. 1673 in Riggs, † 16.11. 1751 in London. Uhrmacher, Instrumentenbauer, Quäker. - George Graham wurde 1673 in Riggs nahe Horsegills (Hethersgill) in Cumberland in einer Farmerfamilie geboren. Da sein Vater, der zu den Quäkern zählte, früh verstarb, wuchs George Graham bei einem Verwandten auf, der der anglikanischen Staatskirche angehörte. 1688 begann er bei Henry Aske eine Lehre als Uhrmacher in London, die er 1695 bei dem Uhrmachermeister und Quäker Thomas Tompion (1639-1713) beendete. Er heiratete dessen Nichte Elizabeth Tompion und erbte den Betrieb Tompions in der Fleet Street. 1721 wurde er zum Fellow der Royal Society ernannt und 1722 wurde er in ihren Rat gewählt. In diesem Jahr wurde er auch zum Meister der Uhrmachergilde ernannt. George Graham verstarb 1751 in London und wurde in Westminster Abbey begraben. Die eine Hälfte seines Vermögens überließ er seiner Frau, die andere wurde an Freunde und verschiedene Gesellschaften verteilt. - George Graham galt als einer der besten Uhrmacher seiner Zeit. Er machte mehrere Erfindungen, u.a. entwarf er mehrere astronomische Instrumente für das Observatorium in Greenwich und entwickelte um 1715 eine Rettungsmaschine, mit welcher sich lebendig Begrabene bemerkbar machen konnten. Für den 4th Earl of Charles Boyle Orrery (1676-1731) errichtete er eigens ein Planetarium, das noch heute existiert. Graham gilt auch als Erfinder der Quecksilberpendeluhr.
Werke: Observation of an extraordinary height of the barometer, December 21. 1721. In: Philosophical Transactions, XXXI, 369, 1721, 222; The same eclipse observed in Fleetstreet, London. In: Philosophical Transactions, XXXII, 374, 1722, 198; An account of observation made of the variation of the horizontal needle at London, in the latter part of the year 1722, and beginning of 1723. In: Philosophical Transactions, XXXIII, 383, 1724, 96-107; Observations of the dipping needle, made at London, in the beginning of the year 1723. In: Philosophical Transactions, XXXIII, 389, 1725, 332-339; A contrivance to avoid the irregularities in a clock's motion, occasion'd by the action of heat and cold upon the road of the pendulum. In: Philosophical Transactions, XXXIV, 392, 1726, 40-44; The description and use of an instrument for taking the latitude of a place. In: Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, XXXVIII, 1733/1734, 450-457; An account of some observations made in London. In: Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, XXXVIII, 1733/1734, 302-314; An account of a comparison lately made of the standard of a yard. In: Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, XLII, 1742/1743, 541-556; A table, shewing for every day in the year at noon. How much the equal or mean time is faster or slower than the apparent or sun's time. (London) (1925); Three letters from George Graham. In: Antiquarian Horology and the Proceedings of the Antiquarian Horological Society, XVII, 1988, 587-605.
Bibliographie: Graham, George. In: Watt, Robert: Bibliotheca Britannica. Or, a general index to British and foreign literature, I. Edinburgh 1824, 431y; Communications by George Graham to the Royal Society, London. In: Lansdale, Henry: The worthies of Cumberland. London 1875, 65-66.
Lit. (Auswahl): Extract of a letter from the right honorouable the Lord Paisley, F.R.S. to George Graham, F.R.S. With some curious figures of the same comet. In: Philosophical Transactions, XXX, 382, 1724, 50; - Harris, Jos.: An account of some magnetical observations made in the months of May, June and July, 1723, in the Atlantick or Western Ocean, as also the description of a Water-spout. Communicated by George Graham, F.R.S. In: Philosophical Transactions, XXXVIII, 428, 1733, 75-78; - An account of some observations made in London, by George Graham, F.R.S., and at Black-River in Jamaica, by Colin Campbell, Esq, F.R.S. concerning the going of a clock, in order to determine the difference between the lengths of isochronal pendulums in those places. Communicated by J. Bradley, J.: An account of some observations made in London, by Mr. George Graham, F.R.S. In: Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, XXXVIII, 432, 1733/1734, 302-314; - Bevis; Short, James: An occultation of Jupiter and his satellites by the moon, October 28. 1740. Observed at Mr. George Graham's F.R.S. House in Fleetstreet, London. In: Philosophical Transactions, XLI, 459, 1741, 647-649; - Graham (George). In: Chalmers, Alexander: The General Biographical Dictionary. Containing an historical and critical account of the lives and writings of the most eminent persons in every nation, particularly the British and Irish, from the earliest accounts to the present time, XVI. London 1814, 161-162. ND New York 1969, 161-162; - Graham, George. In: Aikin, John: General Biography. Or, lives, critical and historical, of the most eminent persons of all ages, countries, conditions, and professions, arranged according to alphabetical order, X. London 1815, 357; - Graham (John). In: Gorton, John: A General Biographical Dictionary. Containing a summary account of the lives of eminent persons of all nations, previous to the present generation, I. London 1828, 874; - Graham, George. In: Davenport, Richard Alfred: A Dictionary of Biography. Comprising the most eminent characters of all ages, nations, and professions. London 1831, 308; - Graham (George). In: À'Beckett, William: Universal Biography. Including scriptural, classical, and mythological memoirs, together with accounts of many eminent living characters. The whole newly compiled and composed from the most recent and authentic sources, II. London 1836, 475; - Graham, (George). In: Rose, Hugh James: A New General Biographical Dictionary, VIII. London 1850, 82; - Graham, George. In: Dove, P. E. (Hrsg.): The Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography. A series of original memoirs of distinguished men, of all ages and all nations, by writers of eminence in the various branches of literature, science, and art, II. London (1863), 697; - Graham, George. In: Cassell's Biographical Dictionary. Containing original memoirs of the most eminent men and women of all ages and countries. London 1867-1869, 719; - George Graham, clockmaker. In: Lansdale, Henry: The worthies of Cumberland. London 1875, 1-66; - Graham, George. In: Maunder, Samuel: The biographical treasury. A dictionary of universal biography. London 1895, 250; - Buckley, Francis: George Graham. Uppermill 1929 (Old Watchmakers, II); - Hellman, C. Doris: George Graham, maker of horological and astronomical instruments. In: Vassar Journal of Undergraduate Studies, V, 1931, 221-251; - Hellman, C. Doris: George Graham, maker of horological and astronomical instruments. In: Popular Astronomy, XXXIX, 1931, 186-199; - Catalogue of valuable objects of vertu comprising fine oil miniatures of Charles I and Henrietta Maria, by Cornelius Johnson (...) miniature portraits, by Nicholas Jacques and J. B. Augustin, the property of the Dowager Countess of Gosford, watches, by Tompion and Banger, and George Graham, including the property of Mrs. A. D. Carr Gowan, the well-known collection of royal relics, the property of Anthony Bacon Drury Butts (...) including a superb watch, by Abraham Cusins of Nevers said to have been given to Charles I by Henrietta Maria, rare English and Continental porcelain etc. comprising a Chantilly cup and saucer, Hoechst groups, by J. P. Melchior, Meissen figures of cranes, by Kaendler, rare Bow and Chelsea figures, inlcuding the property of Captain Victor Ward (...) interesting models, comprising old English farm waggons, the property of H. R. Waiting (...) a scale model of the London-Holyhead Royal Mail coach, circa 1842, the property of Major-General Geoffrey White (...) steam engine and gun models, the property of E. J. Briggs (...) a violin, by Nicholas Amati, a fine lute, etc., Charles II needlework boxes, a Stuart bedspread, fine English furniture, etc., including a set of Chinese Chippendale chairs, the property of the Rt. Honourable Lord Hastings, mahogany bookcases made for George II, a pair of Hepplewhite mahogany sideboard tables, signed French furniture, by Boudin and Blanchard, including the property of John Meade Falkner (...) Clare Vyner (...) which will be sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby and Co. (...) at their large galleries (...) on Friday, the 16th of December, 1932. London 1932; - Catalogue of valuable old English silver etc. comprising (...) the property of H. V. Marrot (...) the Lady Helen Barlow (...) G. U. L. Sartoris (...) Lt.-Comm. E. G. Martin, also fine Scandinavian and German silver, Sheffield plate, etc., objects of vertu and modern jewls, including a very rare set of Louis XV painted cards, the property of Mrs. Pelosi, a gold watch by George Graham, 1722, a fine French painter's box, circa 1810, ivories, miniatures, enamels, etc., which will be sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby and Co. (...) at their large galleries (...) on Thursday, 30th of July, 1936, and following day. London 1936; - Burnley, James: George, Graham. In: DNB, VIII, 1949/50, 314-315; - Raistrick, Arthur: Quakers in science and industry. Being an account of the Quaker contributions to science and industry during the 17th and 18th centuries. London 1950; - Lloyd, H. Alan: George Graham, horologist and astronomer. In: Journal of the Royal Society of Arts, C, 4861, 1951, 30-49; - Lloyd, H. Alan: George Graham, horologist and astronomer. In: Horological Journal, XCIII, 1118, 1951, 708-717; - Baillie, G.; Clutton, Cecil; Ilbert, Courtenay (Hrsg.): Britten's old clocks and watches and their makers. London 1956. London 19909; - Penfold, John B.: The Cumbrian background of George Graham clockmaker. In: Antiquarian Horology, 1974, 600-613; - Important clocks and fine watches, including a longcase regulatory by George Graham, No. 631 with mercury pendulum. London 1983; - Penfold, John B.: The London background of George Graham. In: Antiquarian Horology, XIV, 1983, 272-278; - Chapman, Allan: George Graham and the concept standard accuracies in instrumentation. In: Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society, XXVII, 1990, 3-8; - Bennett, J. A.: The English quadrant in Europe. Instruments and growth of consensus in practical astronomy. In: Journal for the History of Astronomy, XXIII, 1, 1992, 1-14; - Sorrenson, Richard John: Scientific instrument makers at the Royal Society of London, 1720-1780. Dissertation Princeton University 1993; - Dyson, Freeman J.: Two revolutions in astronomy. In: Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, CXL, 1, 1996, 1-9; - Slee, Ivan: A very honest man. The clockmaker George Graham was so virtuous that the word 'honest' became a suffix to his name. In: Clocks, XIX, 8, 1996, 43-44; - Cantor, Geoffrey: Quakers in the Royal Society, 1660-1750. In: Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, LI, 2, 1997, 175-193; - Sorrenson, Richard: George Graham, visible technician. In: British Journal for the History of Science, XXXII, 2, 1999, 203-221; - Bedini, Silvio A.: Patrons, artisans, and instruments of science, 1600-1750. Aldershot 1999; - Edgcumbe, Richard: The art of the gold chaser in eighteenth-century London. Oxford 2000; - Roberts, Derek: Precision pendulum clocks. The quest for accurate timekeeping. Atglen 2003.
Claus Bernet
Letzte Änderung: 09.04.2011